ABSTRACT
Malaria remains as one of the significant health threat to people living in countries throughout tropical and subtropical zones. Proteomic studies of Plasmodium, the protozoan causing malaria, is essential for understanding its cellular structure, growth stage-specific expression of protein metabolites and complex interaction with host. In-depth knowledge of the pathogen is required for identification of novel biomarkers that can be utilized to develop diagnostic tests and therapeutic antimalarial drugs. The alarming rise in drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium has created an urgent need to identify new targets for drug development that can act by obstructing life cycle of this parasite. In the present review, we briefly discuss on role of various biomarkers including Plasmodium-associated aldolase, histidine-rich proteins and lactate dehydrogenase for diagnosis of malaria. Here we also summarize the present and future prospects of currently used techniques in proteomic approaches such as two dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) for diagnosis and potential identification of novel proteins for malaria research.
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains as one of the significant health threat to people living in countries throughout tropical and subtropical zones. Proteomic studies of Plasmodium, the protozoan causing malaria, is essential for understanding its cellular structure, growth stage-specific expression of protein metabolites and complex interaction with host. In-depth knowledge of the pathogen is required for identification of novel biomarkers that can be utilized to develop diagnostic tests and therapeutic antimalarial drugs. The alarming rise in drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium has created an urgent need to identify new targets for drug development that can act by obstructing life cycle of this parasite. In the present review, we briefly discuss on role of various biomarkers including Plasmodium-associated aldolase, histidine-rich proteins and lactate dehydrogenase for diagnosis of malaria. Here we also summarize the present and future prospects of currently used techniques in proteomic approaches such as two dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) for diagnosis and potential identification of novel proteins for malaria research.
ABSTRACT
The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract from leaves of Carpinus tschonoskii (CE) on R848-stimulated primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and dendritic cells (BMDCs). Primary BMDMs and BMDCs were used for pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Human embryonic kidney cell line 293T (HEK293T) was used to access NF-kappaB activity. In all cases, R848 was used to stimulate the cells. The CE (0~150 microg/ml) was treated to BMDMs, BMDCs, and HEK293T cells. CE pre-treatment in R848-stimulated BMDMs and BMDCs showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., IL-12 p40, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) production as compared to non-treated controls. In NF-kappaB reporter gene assay, the CE pre-treatment inhibited NF-kappaB-dependent luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, our findings suggest that CE has significant inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and deserve further studies concerning potentials of CE for medicinal uses.